1 damage

You only need 1 damage to destroy an extractor.

Graveyard

Yes

They can be used either before, or after the entire action card is resolved.

If enemy ships are present the planet is blockaded. You cannot gather light from a planet that is blockaded during the board rotation, but you can still mine for the resource(s) on the planetary exploration token (including light).

You have control of a planet if that planet contains one of your extractors. No ships of yours are required to be present for control. Enemy ships can be present, and you still have control.

Yes

Exhausted techs are still considered in play for the purposes of collecting light from the Research card.

If all 8 Extractors are on the board or in opponents’ graveyards you cannot build a new extractor until one is released from a graveyard.

Yes

You can move into a player’s colony ship area but cannot attack the colony ship or bombard their extractors.

Yes

You may choose not to move some of your ships. For each ship type (size) in a sector, you may choose not to roll attacks. But if you attack, you must assign all hits that you roll (as long as there are legal targets).

Your supply

The ship/extractor is free and comes from your supply. If you do not have one available in your supply, you cannot build it.

From anywhere

The ship comes from anywhere on the board.

No

No resource goes to an opponent. Collect a common resource or make an exchange with the supply according to the exchanges listed on the Trade card.

Damage is assigned all at once. If there are no enemy ships in the sector, damage can be assigned to an extractor. If you roll enough hits to destroy all enemy ships present and there are still hits left to be assigned, that excess damage can be assigned to an extractor.